Monkeypox, caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), is a zoonotic disease endemic mainly
in West and Central Africa. As of 27 September 2022, human monkeypox has occurred in …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are fundamental sensor molecules of the host innate immune
system, which detect conserved molecular signatures of a wide range of microbial …

ABSTRACT SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19, is characterized by a delay in
type I interferon (IFN-I)-mediated antiviral defenses alongside robust cytokine production …

Intrinsic apoptosis, the response to intracellular cell death stimuli, is regulated by the
interplay of the B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family and their membrane interactions. Bcl-2 …

Virus infection of mammalian cells is sensed by pattern recognition receptors and leads to
an innate immune response that restricts virus replication and induces adaptive immunity. In …

Infection of mammalian cells with viruses activates NF-κB to induce the expression of
cytokines and chemokines and initiate an antiviral response. Here, we show that a vaccinia …

Antiviral responses of interferons (IFNs) are crucial in the host immune response, playing a
relevant role in controlling viralw infections. Three types of IFNs, type I (IFN-α, IFN-β), II (IFN …

Poxviruses have evolved a wide array of mechanisms to evade the immune response, and
we provide an overview of the different immunomodulatory strategies. Poxviruses prevent …

Viral infection triggers an early host response through activation of pattern recognition
receptors, including Toll-like receptors (TLR). TLR signaling cascades induce production of …

Pathogens have evolved strategies to promote their survival by dramatically modifying the
transcriptional profile and protein content of the host cells they infect. Modifications of the …