MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathways regulate a variety of biological
processes through multiple cellular mechanisms. In most of these processes, such as …

The loss of vital cells within healthy tissues contributes to the development, progression and
treatment outcomes of many human disorders, including neurological and infectious …

Background Iron is essential for many types of biological processes. However, excessive
iron can be cytotoxic and can lead to many diseases. Since ferroptosis, which is an iron …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are short-lived and highly reactive molecules. The
generation of ROS in cells exists in equilibrium with a variety of antioxidant defences. At low …

In multicellular organisms, cell death is a critical and active process that maintains tissue
homeostasis and eliminates potentially harmful cells. There are three major types of …

Acquired resistance to cell death is a hallmark of cancer. The BCL-2 protein family members
play important roles in controlling apoptotic cell death. Abnormal over-expression of pro …

Jun N-terminal kinases or JNKs have been shown to be involved in a wide array of signaling
events underlying tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Through its interaction with a …

Abstract Background The cJun-N-terminal-kinase (JNK) plays a central role in the cell stress
response, with outcomes ranging from cell death to cell proliferation and survival, depending …

Carcinogenesis is a mechanistically complex and variable process with a plethora of
underlying genetic causes. Cancer development comprises a multitude of steps that occur …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease characterized by progressive erosion of
articular cartilage. As chondrocytes are the only cell type forming the articular cartilage, their …