Dopamine is derived from an amino acid, phenylalanine, which must be obtained through
the diet. Dopamine, known primarily to be a neurotransmitter involved in almost any higher …

Immune cells rely on cell-cell communication to specify and fine-tune their responses. They
express an extensive network of cell communication modes, including a vast repertoire of …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are known to interact with several other classes of
integral membrane proteins that modulate their biology and pharmacology. However, the …

Endocannabinoids activate two types of specific G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs),
namely cannabinoid CB1 and CB2. Contrary to the psychotropic actions of agonists of CB1 …

Cell membrane receptors rarely work on isolation, often they form oligomeric complexes with
other receptor molecules and they may directly interact with different proteins of the signal …

The introduction of allosteric receptor–receptor interactions in G protein-coupled receptor
(GPCR) heteroreceptor complexes of the central nervous system (CNS) gave a new …

The traditional view on GPCRs held that they function as single monomeric units composed
of identical subunits. This notion was overturned by the discovery that GPCRs can form …

D3 receptors represent a major focus of current drug design and development of
therapeutics for dopamine-related pathological states. Their close homology with the D2 …

Adenosine is one of the most ancient signaling molecules and has receptors in both animals
and plants. In mammals there are four specific receptors, A 1, A 2A, A 2B, and A 3, which …

Responses of vascular and lymphatic endothelial cells (ECs) to fluid shear stress (FSS) from
blood or lymphatic fluid flow govern the development, physiology, and diseases of these …