For many decades viral infections have been suspected as 'triggers' of autoimmune disease,
but mechanisms for how this could occur have been difficult to establish. Recent studies …

Autophagy is a central mechanism of cellular homeostasis through the degradation of a
wide range of cellular constituents. However, recent evidence suggests that autophagy …

The tumor microenvironment is a highly heterogeneous circumstance composed of multiple
components, while tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are major innate immune cells …

TBK1 is an atypical IκB kinase family member with a set of functions. It is involved in
congenital immunization and autophagy in mammals. In this study, we reported that grass …

Viral myocarditis, characterised by inflammation of the heart muscle, presents a significant
challenge to global public health, particularly affecting younger individuals and often …

Di (2-ethhylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a common plastic rubberizer. DEHP leaches from
plastic matrices and is under increasing scrutiny as numerous studies have linked it to …

Introduction: Apoptosis and autophagy are the two fundamental processes involved in
maintaining homeostasis, and a common stimulus may initiate the processes. Autophagy …

Group B Coxsackieviruses (CVB) are one of the causative pathogens of myocarditis, which
may progress to cardiomyopathy. The pathogenesis of CVB is not fully understood, and …

Brain‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve a prominent role in maintaining
homeostasis and contributing to pathology in health and disease. This review establishes a …

Human sapoviruses (HuSaVs) and noroviruses are considered the leading cause of acute
gastroenteritis worldwide. While extensive research has focused on noroviruses, our …