Plants have been interacting with insects for several hundred million years, leading to
complex defense approaches against various insect feeding strategies. Some defenses are …

The evolution of land plants approximately 470 million years ago created a new adaptive
zone for natural enemies (attackers) of plants. In response to attack, plants evolved highly …

Plants respond to herbivore attack by launching 2 types of defenses: direct defense and
indirect defense. Direct defense includes all plant traits that increase the resistance of host …

Every plant is a member of a complex insect community that consists of tens to hundreds of
species that belong to different trophic levels. The dynamics of this community are critically …

▪ Abstract Plants respond to herbivore attack with a bewildering array of responses, broadly
categorized as direct and indirect defenses, and tolerance. Plant-herbivore interactions are …

Nectar contains water, sugars and amino acids to attract pollinators and defenders and is
protected from nectar robbers and microorganisms by secondary compounds and …

The news that a flowering weed—mousear cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)—can sense the
particular chewing noise of its most common caterpillar predator and adjust its chemical …

Comprising a substantial part of living biomass on earth, ants are integral to the functioning
of terrestrial ecosystems. More than 12,000 species have been described to date, and it is …

Ants are probably the most dominant insect group on Earth, representing ten to fifteen
percent of animal biomass in terrestrial ecosystems. Flowering plants, meanwhile, owe their …

Many plants interact with carnivores as an indirect defence against herbivores. The release
of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the secretion of extrafloral nectar (EFN) are …