Our ability to hear depends primarily on sound waves traveling through the outer and middle
ear toward the inner ear. Hence, the characteristics of the outer and middle ear affect sound …

Sound energy is conveyed to the inner ear by the diaphanous, cone-shaped tympanic
membrane (TM). The TM moves in a complex manner and transmits sound signals to the …

Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) evoked by two pure tones carry
information about the mechanisms that generate and shape them. Thus, DPOAEs hold …

The use of genetically modified mice can accelerate progress in auditory research.
However, the fundamental profile of mouse hearing has not been thoroughly documented. In …

Perforations of the tympanic membrane (TM) alter its structural and mechanical properties,
thus resulting in a deterioration of sound transmission through the middle ear (ME), which …

The mouse is an important animal model for hearing science. However, our knowledge of
the relationship between mouse middle-ear (ME) anatomy and function is limited. The ME …

Background: ME damage causes conductive hearing loss (CHL) and while great progress
has been made in repairing or reconstructing damaged MEs, the outcomes are often far from …

The reported research introduces a noninvasive approach to estimate round-trip outer-
middle ear pressure gain using distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). Our …

We discuss eight areas of continued middle ear research. These include (1) new high-
resolution descriptions of ossicular structure;(2) factors that control the bandwidth of the …

Tympanic membranes (TM) that have healed spontaneously after perforation present
abnormalities in their structural and mechanical properties; ie, they are thickened and …