Despite being an intensive area of research, the function of the anterior cingulate cortex
(ACC) remains somewhat of a mystery. Human imaging studies implicate the ACC in various …

Chronic mild or unpredictability stress produces a persistent depressive-like state. The main
symptoms of depression include weight loss, despair, anhedonia, diminished motivation and …

Alcohol use disorder extracts substantial personal, social and clinical costs, and continued
intake despite negative consequences (compulsion-like consumption) can contribute …

Rodents lick to consume fluids. The reward value of ingested fluids is likely to be encoded
by neuronal activity entrained to the lick cycle. Here, we investigated relationships between …

Inhalant (eg, toluene) misuse is linked to behavioral and cognitive deficits in humans, yet
preclinical studies of the effect of inhalants on higher-order cognition are limited. We …

This study examined how the medial frontal (MFC) and orbital frontal (OFC) cortices process
reward information. We simultaneously recorded local field potentials in the two areas as …

Abstract Ginsenoside Rb1 (Rb1) is one of the most active components found in ginseng and
provides important benefits to the central nervous system, especially for the improvement of …

Understanding how the brain controls behavior requires observing and manipulating neural
activity in awake behaving animals. Neuronal firing is timed at millisecond precision …

Studies have shown that spaceflight affects the emotional and social performance of
astronauts. Identifying the neural mechanisms underlying the emotional and social effects of …

Objective Patients with chronic neuropathic pain (CNP) have a higher incidence to develop
depression. However, its pathogenesis has not yet been fully elucidated. Here we aimed to …