Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disorder in which gastrointestinal
symptoms may appear prior to motor symptoms. The gut microbiota of patients with …

The endotoxin hypothesis of neurodegeneration is the hypothesis that endotoxin causes or
contributes to neurodegeneration. Endotoxin is a lipopolysaccharide (LPS), constituting …

A large body of experimental evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is a key
pathological event triggering and perpetuating the neurodegenerative process associated …

Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that plays a critical role both peripherally and centrally in
vital functions such as cognition, reward, satiety, voluntary motor movements, pleasure, and …

There are over 15 disease-modifying drugs that have been approved over the last 20 years
for the treatment of relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), but there are limited …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common diseases in the central nervous
system (CNS) with high mortality and morbidity. Patients with TBI usually suffer many …

Oxidative stress is a common denominator in the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders
such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral …

Aging is the main risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases. In aging, microglia undergoes
phenotypic changes compatible with their activation. Glial activation can lead to …

The number of bacterial cells living within the human body is approximately equal to, or
greater than, the total number of human cells. This dynamic population of microorganisms …

The endotoxin hypothesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the idea that lipopolysaccharide
(LPS) endotoxins contribute to the pathogenesis of this disorder. LPS endotoxins are found …