Smart contracts are regarded as one of the most promising and appealing notions in
blockchain technology. Their self-enforcing and event-driven features make some online …

Smart contracts deployed to the Ethereum blockchain hold billions of dollars worth of assets.
Ethereum currently represents the most widely used smart contract platform. It is the second …

Cryptographic tools like proof systems, multi-party computation, and fully homomorphic
encryption are usually applied to computations expressed as systems of arithmetic …

Given a loop-free sequence of instructions, superoptimization techniques use a constraint
solver to search for an equivalent sequence that is optimal for a desired objective. The …

Smart contracts facilitate the execution of programmable code on a blockchain. The cost for
executing smart contract code is metered using gas-the exact amount of which is based on …

When users deploy or invoke smart contracts on Ethereum, a fee is charged for avoiding
resource abuse. Metered in gas, the fee is the product of the amount of gas used and the …

To prevent DoS attacks, Ethereum assigns a fixed gas cost to every atomic operation in the
EVM and the party who creates a transaction has to pay for its overall gas usage. While the …

We present a static analysis approach that combines concrete values and symbolic
expressions. This symbolic value-flow (“symvalic”) analysis models program behavior with …

Smart contracts mostly written in Solidity are Turing-complete programs executed on the
blockchain platforms such as Ethereum. To prevent resource abuse, a gas fee is required …

Ethereum blockchain is a new internetware with tens of millions of smart contracts running
on it. Different from general programs, smart contracts are decentralized, tamper-resistant …