Approximately 18% of patients undergoing cardiac surgery experience AKI (on the basis of
modern standardized definitions of AKI), and approximately 2%–6% will require …

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) has allowed for significant surgical advancements, but
accompanying risks can be significant and must be expertly managed. One of the foremost …

Background: Hypotension is a common side effect of general anesthesia induction, and
when severe, it is related to adverse outcomes. Ultrasonography of inferior vena cava (IVC) …

Accurate assessment of relative intravascular volume is critical to guide volume
management of patients with acute or chronic kidney disorders, particularly those with …

Background Prediction of acute kidney injury (AKI) following cardiac surgery is unreliable
through the use of serum creatinine or urinary output alone. Cell cycle arrest urinary …

Improvement in patient outcomes has become a significant consideration with our limited
resources in the surgical setting. The implementation of enhanced recovery pathway …

The syndrome of acute-on-chronic liver failure combines deterioration of liver function in a
patient with chronic liver disease, with the development of extrahepatic organ failure and …

The regulation of body fluid balance is a key concern in health and disease and comprises
three concepts. The first concept pertains to the relationship between total body water (TBW) …

Management of fluid overload is one of the most challenging problems in the care of
critically ill patients with oliguric acute kidney injury. Various clinical practice guidelines …

Fluid management during continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) in critically ill
patients is a dynamic process that encompasses 3 inter-related goals: maintenance of the …