This paper reviews key properties and major unsolved problems about Strong Thermal
Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) and the picket fence. We first introduce the basic …

Optical structures located equatorward of the main auroral oval often exhibit different
morphologies and dynamics than structures at higher latitudes. In some cases, questions …

We report on a novel scenario of subauroral arcs within strong subauroral ion drifts (SAID)‐
STEVE and Picket Fence. Their explanation requires a local source of low‐energy, ε< 18.75 …

During the 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storm, citizen scientist observations from Dunedin
(45.95° S, 170.32° E), New Zealand, revealed a bright wide red arc known as stable auroral …

The spectacular visual displays from the aurora come from curtains of excited atoms and
molecules, impacted by energetic charged particles. These particles are accelerated from …

We present a unified approach to subauroral arcs within intense subauroral ion drifts (SAID),
which explains the observed transition of a precursor Stable Auroral Red (SAR) arc into …

In this study, we present an analysis of the spectral transition of a Stable Auroral Red (SAR)
arc to Strong Thermal Emission Velocity Enhancement (STEVE) emission observed by the …

We found the inner electromagnetic structure of subauroral ion drifts (SAID) in the SAID‐
STEVE events documented by the Swarm spacecraft and numerically simulated the …

So‐called “Steve” subauroral purple emissions have recently been uncovered by auroral
photographers and have rapidly become an intense subject of debate as to their origin. In …

Land surface processes are strongly associated with heat waves (HWs). However, how the
uncertainties in land surface processes owing to inaccurate physical parameters influence …