▪ Abstract Endoderm, one of the three principal germ layers, contributes to all organs of the
alimentary tract. For simplicity, this review divides formation of endodermal organs into four …

This review is dedicated to the work on chick digestive tract organogenesis that Nicole Le
Douarin performed as a PhD student under the direction of Etienne Wolf. I discuss how she …

Retinoic acid (RA) signaling plays critical roles in the regionalization of the central nervous
system and mesoderm of all vertebrates that have been examined. However, to date, a role …

It is known from work with amniote embryos that regional specification of the gut requires cell–
cell signalling between the mesoderm and the endoderm. In recent years, much of the …

In the present study, isolated presumptive ectoderm from Xenopus blastula was treated with
activin and retinoic acid to induce differentiation into pancreas. The presumptive ectoderm …

Hedgehog ligands interact with receptor complexes containing Patched (PTC) and
Smoothened (SMO) proteins to regulate many aspects of development. The mutation W535L …

Vitamin A and its derivatives such as retinoic acid (RA) are important signaling molecules for
morphogenesis of vertebrate embryos. Little is known, however, about morphogenetic …

Background & Aims: The early embryonic pancreas gives rise to exocrine (ducts and acini)
and endocrine lineages. Control of exocrine differentiation is poorly understood, but may be …

Retinoic acid (RA) is a key signal for the specification of the pancreas. Still, the gene
regulatory cascade triggered by RA in the endoderm remains poorly characterized. In this …

The lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) lines the body cavities, gives rise to the heart and
circulatory system and is responsible for patterning the underlying endoderm. We describe …