Despite the unprecedented effort of the scientific community, the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus
has infected more than 46 million people worldwide, killing over one million two hundred …

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The …

The widespread occurrence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-
CoV-2) has led to a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The S spike protein …

GPCRs (G-protein [guanine nucleotide-binding protein]–coupled receptors) play a central
physiological role in the regulation of cardiac function in both health and disease and thus …

Sarcopenia, the degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass, quality and strength, lacks early
diagnostic tools and new therapeutic strategies to prevent the frailty-to-disability transition …

Obesity is increasingly prevalent and is associated with substantial cardiovascular risk.
Adipose tissue distribution and morphology play a key role in determining the degree of …

Atherosclerotic vascular disease and its complications are among the top causes of mortality
worldwide. In the vascular lumen, atherosclerotic plaques are not randomly distributed …

At least 468 individual genes have been manipulated by molecular methods to study their
effects on the initiation, promotion, and progression of atherosclerosis. Most clinicians and …

Obesity plays a causative role in the pathogenesis of the metabolic syndrome. Adipokines
may link obesity to its co-morbidities. Most adipokines with pro-inflammatory properties are …

In classical G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) activation, GPCRs couple to a variety of
heterotrimeric G proteins on the membrane and then activate downstream signaling …