RIG-I (Retinoic acid-inducible gene I) and MDA5 (Melanoma Differentiation-Associated
protein 5), collectively known as the RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), are key protein sensors of …

Cells are equipped with mechanisms that allow them to rapidly detect and respond to
viruses. These defense mechanisms rely partly on receptors that monitor the cytosol for the …

The recently emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2),
which is the causative agent of ongoing global pandemic of COVID-19, may trigger …

Viroporins are virus encoded proteins that alter membrane permeability and can trigger
subsequent cellular signals. Oligomerization of viroporin subunits results in formation of a …

Traditional functions of DExD/H-box helicases are concerned with RNA metabolism; they
have been shown to play a part in nearly every cellular process that involves RNA. On the …

Type I and type III interferons (IFNs) are the frontline of antiviral defense mechanisms that
trigger hundreds of downstream antiviral genes. In this study, we observed that MERS-CoV …

Background Lupus nephritis (LN) is one of the most severe complications of systemic lupus
erythematosus, with heterogeneous phenotypes and different responses to therapy …

The retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I) signaling pathway is essential for the recognition
of viruses and the initiation of host interferon (IFN)-mediated antiviral responses. Once …

Background The cytoplasmic RIG-like receptors are responsible for the early detection of
viruses and other intracellular microbes by activating the innate immune response mediated …

Eukaryotes have cytosolic surveillance systems to detect invading microorganisms and
initiate protective immune responses. In turn, host-adapted pathogens have evolved …