Objective: Low back pain affects many individuals. It has profound effects on well-being and
is often the cause of significant physical and psychological health impairments. Low back …

Background: Chronic axial spinal pain is one of the major causes of significant disability and
health care costs, with facet joints as one of the proven causes of pain. Objective: To provide …

Background: Opioid use, abuse, and adverse consequences, including death, have
escalated at an alarming rate since the 1990s. In an attempt to control opioid abuse …

Back pain affects most adults, causes disability for some, and is a common reason for
seeking healthcare. In the United States, opioid prescription for low back pain has …

The purpose of this comprehensive review is to describe various aspects of crisis of opioid
use in the United States. The obstacles that must be surmounted are primarily inappropriate …

BACKGROUND: Chronic spinal pain is the most prevalent chronic disease with employment
of multiple modes of interventional techniques including epidural interventions. Multiple …

OBJECTIVE: To develop evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for interventional
techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic spinal pain. METHODOLOGY …

Importance Back pain treatment is costly and frequently includes overuse of treatments that
are unsupported by clinical guidelines. Few studies have evaluated recent national trends in …

Background: The prevalence of chronic low back pain and related disability is rapidly
increasing as are the myriad treatments, including epidural injections. Even though epidural …

Epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are the most widely utilized pain management procedure
in the world, their use supported by more than 45 placebo-controlled studies and dozens of …