We trace the evolution of research on extreme solar and solar-terrestrial events from the
1859 Carrington event to the rapid development of the last twenty years. Our focus is on the …

Strong solar flares and coronal mass ejections, here defined not only as the bursts of
electromagnetic radiation but as the entire process in which magnetic energy is released …

Abstract The Carrington flare in 1859 September is a benchmark, as the earliest reported
solar flare and as an event with one of the greatest terrestrial impacts. To date, no rigorous …

The Carrington event is considered to be one of the most extreme space weather events in
observational history within a series of magnetic storms caused by extreme interplanetary …

The Sun is magnetically active and often produces eruptive events on different energetic
and temporal scales. Until recently, the upper limit of such events was unknown and …

Abstract Analysis is made of low‐latitude ground‐based magnetometer data recording the
magnetic superstorm of May 1921. By inference, the storm was driven by a series of …

A study is made of the intensity of the Carrington magnetic storm of September 1859 as
inferred from visual measurements of horizontal-component geomagnetic disturbance made …

Abstract The Carrington storm in 1859 September has been arguably identified as the
greatest geomagnetic storm ever recorded. However, its exact magnitude and chronology …

As we are heading toward the next solar cycle, presumably with a relatively small amplitude,
it is of significant interest to reconstruct and describe the past secular minima on the basis of …

This paper reviews some of the work performed by the authors over the past decade
regarding the identification and forecasting of severe space weather. Severe space weather …