Cancer immunity, and the potential for cancer immunotherapy, have been topics of scientific
discussion and experimentation for over a hundred years. Several successful cancer …

Programmed Death-1 (PD-1; CD279) is an inhibitory receptor induced in activated T cells.
PD-1 engagement by its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, maintains peripheral tolerance but also …

The binding of programmed death-1 (PD-1) on the surface of T cells and PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-
L1) on tumor cells can prevent the immune-killing effect of T cells on tumor cells and …

Targeted blockade of PD-1 with immune checkpoint inhibitors can activate T cells to destroy
tumors. PD-1 is believed to function mainly at the effector, but not in the activation, phase of …

Combined immunotherapy targeting the immune checkpoint receptors cytotoxic T-
lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), or CTLA-4 …

The programmed death 1 (PD-1) receptor and its ligands programmed death ligand 1 (PD-
L1) and PD-L2, members of the CD28 and B7 families, play critical roles in T cell coinhibition …

Checkpoint receptor blockers, known to act by blocking the pathways that inhibit immune
cell activation and stimulate immune responses against tumor cells, have been immensely …

The PD-1 pathway is a cornerstone in immune regulation. While the PD-1 pathway has
received considerable attention for its role in contributing to the maintenance of T cell …

Summary Targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 immunologic checkpoint with monoclonal antibodies
has recently provided breakthrough progress in the treatment of melanoma, non-small cell …

Cancer cells can evade immune surveillance through the molecular interactions of immune
checkpoint proteins, including programmed death 1 (PD-1), PD-L1, and cytotoxic T …