Biomedical and biotechnological research relies on processes leading to the successful
expression and production of key biological products. High‐quality proteins are required for …

Mutation is the source of all heritable diversity, the essential material of evolution and
breeding. While mutation rates are often regarded as constant, variability in mutation rates …

Since its first release in 2001 as mainly a software package for phylogenetic analysis, data
analysis for molecular biology and evolution (DAMBE) has gained many new functions that …

Introduction Codon basis is a common and complex natural phenomenon observed in many
kinds of organisms. Methods In the present study, we analyzed the base bias of 12 …

The genus Serratia has been studied for over a century and includes clinically-important and
diverse environmental members. Despite this, there is a paucity of genomic information …

In the universal genetic code, most amino acids can be encoded by multiple trinucleotide
codons, and the choice among available codons can influence position-specific translation …

Variation in synonymous codon usage is abundant across multiple levels of organization:
between codons of an amino acid, between genes in a genome, and between genomes of …

Because of the degeneracy of the genetic code, multiple codons are translated into the
same amino acid. Despite being “synonymous,” these codons are not equally used …

Background The phenomenon of codon usage bias is known to exist in many genomes and
is mainly determined by mutation and selection. Codon usage bias analysis is a suitable …

Codon usage bias (CUB) arises from the preference for a codon over codons for the same
amino acid. The major factors contributing to CUB are evolutionary forces, compositional …