The transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) family of hormonally active polypeptides have
attracted much attention because of their ability to control cellular functions that underwrite …

Smads are signal transducers for the members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)
superfamily. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and their receptors induce differentiation …

Cells in intestinal epithelia turn over rapidly due to damage from digestion and toxins
produced by the enteric microbiota. Gut homeostasis is maintained by intestinal stem cells …

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disorder that may be hereditable (HPAH),
idiopathic (IPAH), or associated with either drug-toxin exposures or other medical …

Figure 1 p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in mammalian cells. The four p38
MAPKs are 60–70% identical in their amino acid sequence. The MAPK kinase MKK6 is a …

Macrophages are multifunctional cells that perform diverse roles in health and disease.
Emerging evidence has suggested that these innate immune cells might also be capable of …

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is clinically characterized by a sustained elevation in
mean pulmonary artery pressure leading to significant morbidity and mortality. The disorder …

To establish a genetic system to study postembryonic wound healing, we characterized
epidermal wound healing in Drosophila larvae. Following puncture wounding, larvae begin …

Skeletal muscle development is regulated by extracellular growth factors that transmit
largely unknown signals into the cell affecting the muscle-transcription program. One …

Cytokines of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily, including TGF-βs, activins
and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), bind to specific serine/threonine kinase receptors …