Immunotherapy with checkpoint blockade induces rapid and durable immune control of
cancer in some patients and has driven a monumental shift in cancer treatment. Neoantigen …

Targeting immune checkpoints such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1),
programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PDL1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) has …

Overexpression of the B7-H1 (PD-L1) molecule in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is a
major immune evasion mechanism in some patients with cancer, and antibody blockade of …

Evidence suggests that cancer immunotherapy will be a major part of the combination
treatment plan for many patients with many cancer types in the near future. There are many …

Immune responses need to be controlled for optimal protective immunity and tolerance.
Coinhibitory pathways in the B7-CD28 family provide critical inhibitory signals that regulate …

The immature and dysfunctional vascular network within solid tumors poses a substantial
obstacle to immunotherapy because it creates a hypoxic tumor microenvironment that …

T cells are the main effector cells in immune response against tumors. The activation of T
cells is regulated by the innate immune system through positive and negative costimulatory …

The B7‐CD 28 family of ligands and receptors play important roles in T‐cell co‐stimulation
and co‐inhibition. Phylogenetically they can be divided into three groups. The recent …

Antibodies that block T cell inhibition via the immune checkpoints CTLA-4 and PD-1 have
revolutionized cancer therapy during the last 15 years. T cells express additional inhibitory …

Blockade of the PD1 pathway is a broadly effective cancer therapy, but additional immune-
inhibitory pathways contribute to tumor immune evasion. HERV–H LTR-associating 2 …