Tritrophic interactions between plants, herbivores, and their natural enemies are an integral
part of all terrestrial ecosystems. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) play a key role in …

Plants have evolved a plethora of different chemical defenses covering nearly all classes of
(secondary) metabolites that represent a major barrier to herbivory: Some are constitutive; …

Plants respond to herbivore attack by launching 2 types of defenses: direct defense and
indirect defense. Direct defense includes all plant traits that increase the resistance of host …

Physiological and ecological constraints play key roles in the evolution of plant growth
patterns, especially in relation to defenses against herbivores. Phenotypic and life history …

Attacks by herbivores elicit changes in the bouquet of volatiles released by plants. These
herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) have been interpreted as being indirect defenses …

Individual biotic and abiotic stresses, such as high temperature, high light and herbivore
attack, are well known to increase the emission of volatile organic compounds from plants …

As the largest class of natural products, terpenes have a variety of roles in mediating
antagonistic and beneficial interactions among organisms. They defend many species of …

Parasitoids and predators of herbivores have evolved and function within a multitrophic
context. Consequently, their physiology and behavior are influenced by elements from other …

Corn seedlings release large amounts of terpenoid volatiles after they have been fed upon
by caterpillars. Artificially damaged seedlings do not release these volatiles in significant …

In response to insect herbivory, plants synthesize and emit blends of volatile compounds
from their damaged and undamaged tissues, which act as important host-location cues for …