The formation of chloroplasts can be traced back to an ancient event in which a eukaryotic
host cell containing mitochondria ingested a cyanobacterium. Since then, chloroplasts have …

The chloroplast is essential for photosynthesis, plant growth and development. As
semiautonomous organelles, the biogenesis and development of chloroplasts need to be …

Abstract The PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION5 (PGR5) protein is required for trans-
thylakoid proton gradient formation and acclimation to fluctuating light (FL). PGR5 …

Spring maize is usually subjected to low-temperature stress during seed germination, which
retards seedling growth later even under a suitable temperature. However, the mechanism …

Plant metabolism is broadly reprogrammed during acclimation to abiotic changes. Most
previous studies have focused on transitions from standard to single stressful conditions …

Chloroplast ATP synthases consist of a membrane-spanning coupling factor (CFO) and a
soluble coupling factor (CF1). It was previously demonstrated that CONSERVED ONLY IN …

PSI photoinhibition is usually avoided through P700 oxidation. Without this protective
mechanism, excess light represents a potentially lethal threat to plants. PGR5 is suggested …

In angiosperms, cyclic electron transport around photosystem I (PSI) is mediated by two
pathways that depend on the PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 (PGR5) protein and the …

Molecular chaperones are essential throughout a protein's life and act already during
protein synthesis. Bacteria and chloroplasts of plant cells share the ribosome-associated …

The nuclear-encoded factors and the photosynthetic apparatus have been studied
extensively during chloroplast biogenesis. However, many questions regarding these …