Wild aquatic bird populations have long been considered the natural reservoir for influenza
A viruses with virus transmission from these birds seeding other avian and mammalian …

Epidemiological models and studies of disease ecology typically ignore the role of host
condition and immunocompetence when trying to explain the distribution and dynamics of …

The spatial spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 and its long-term
persistence in Asia have resulted in avian influenza panzootics and enormous economic …

Propagule dispersal beyond local scales has been considered rare and unpredictable.
However, for many plants, invertebrates, and microbes dispersed by birds, long-distance …

The ecology of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has significantly changed
from sporadic outbreaks in terrestrial poultry to persistent circulation in terrestrial and aquatic …

Influenza A virus infections result in∼ 500,000 human deaths per year and many more
sublethal infections. Wild birds are recognized as the ancestral host of influenza A viruses …

Wild ducks and gulls are the major reservoirs for avian influenza A viruses (AIVs). The
mechanisms that drive AIV evolution are complex at sites where various duck and gull …

Wild waterfowl, particularly dabbling ducks such as mallards (Anas platyrhynchos), are
considered the main reservoir of low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs). They …

Migratory birds are major candidates for long‐distance dispersal of zoonotic pathogens. In
recent years, wildfowl have been suspected of contributing to the rapid geographic spread of …

Migrations, ie the recurring, roundtrip movement of animals between distant and distinct
habitats, occur among diverse metazoan taxa. Although traditionally linked to avoidance of …