Dopamine regulates reward-related behavior through the mesolimbic dopaminergic
pathway. Stress affects dopamine levels and dopaminergic neuronal activity in the …

Depression is currently among the top five leading causes of the global burden of disease.
Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) is currently the most commonly used, reliable …

Now 30 years old, the chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression has been used in>
1300 published studies, with a year-on-year increase rising to> 200 papers in 2015. Data …

This paper evaluates the validity, reliability and utility of the chronic mild stress (CMS) model
of depression. In the CMS model, rats or mice are exposed sequentially, over a period of …

Multiple sources of evidence support a role for diminished dopaminergic neurotrans-mission
in major depression. The physiological alterations underlying reduced dopa-mine (DA) …

The chronic mild stress (CMS) model of depression has high validity but has in the past
been criticized for being difficult to replicate. However, a large number of recent publications …

The chronic mild (or unpredictable/variable) stress (CMS) model was developed as an
animal model of depression more than 20 years ago. The foundation of this model was that …

Imaging studies have revealed neurochemical and functional changes in the brains of drug-
addicted subjects that provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying addiction …

The analysis of the behavioural and neural mechanisms of reinforcement and motivation
has benefited from the recent application of learning theory and better anatomical …

The involvement of dopamine in drug reinforcement is well recognized but its role in drug
addiction is much less clear. Imaging studies have shown that the reinforcing effects of drugs …