Spermatogenesis is an extraordinary complex process. The differentiation of spermatogonia
into spermatozoa requires the participation of several cell types, hormones, paracrine …

Anabolic–androgenic steroids (AAS) are a class of hormones that are widely abused for
their muscle-building and strength-increasing properties in high, nontherapeutic, dosages …

Purpose: There has been a marked increase in testosterone prescriptions in the past
decade resulting in a growing need to give practicing clinicians proper guidance on the …

Evaluation of testicular functions (production of sperm and androgens) is an important
aspect of preclinical safety assessment and testicular toxicity is comparatively far more …

Throughout embryonic and early postnatal development, the mammalian epididymis
changes from a straight tube to a highly coiled, complex duct that links the efferent ducts to …

The clinical management of men with nonobstructive azoospermia (NOA) seeking fertility
has been a challenge for andrologists, urologists, and reproductive medicine specialists …

BACKGROUND The beneficial effects of hormonal therapy in stimulating spermatogenesis
in patients with non-obstructive azoospermia (NOA) and either normal gonadotrophins or …

Testosterone is essential to maintain qualitative spermatogenesis. Nonetheless, no studies
have been yet performed in humans to analyze the testosterone-mediated expression of …

PURPOSE: Although optimizing endogenous testosterone production before testicular
sperm extraction is commonly practiced, whether improved preoperative testosterone levels …

Despite significant advances in contraceptive options for women over the last 50 yr, world
population continues to grow rapidly. Scientists and activists alike point to the devastating …