Adaptive Optics (AO) retinal imaging has provided revolutionary tools to scientists and
clinicians for studying retinal structure and function in the living eye. From animal models to …

Adaptive optics (AO) is a technology used to improve the performance of optical systems by
reducing the effects of optical aberrations. The direct visualization of the photoreceptor cells …

A new optimization technique, stochastic parallel-gradient descent, is applied for high-
resolution adaptive wave-front correction. A performance criterion for parallel-perturbation …

The image quality of a two-photon microscope is often degraded by wavefront aberrations
induced by the specimen. We demonstrate here that resolution and signal size in two …

An electrostatically deformable, gold-coated, silicon nitride membrane mirror was used as a
phase modulator to compress pulses from 92 to 15?? fs. Both an iterative genetic algorithm …

We have developed a prototype apparatus for real-time closed-loop measurement and
correction of aberrations in the human eye. The apparatus uses infrared light to measure the …

A new class of silicon-based deformable mirrors is described. These devices are capable of
correcting time-varying aberrations in imaging or beam forming applications. Each mirror is …

The performance of a membrane deformable mirror with 37 electrodes (OKO Technologies)
is studied in order to characterize its utility as an adaptive optics element. The control …

A novel deformable mirror using 52 independent magnetic actuators (MIRAO 52, Imagine
Eyes) is presented and characterized for ophthalmic applications. The capabilities of the …

Micro-mechanical devices, such as MEMS, having layers thereon, and methods of forming
the layers, are disclosed. In one aspect, a method may include forming a layer including an …