When stimuli from the environment are perceived to be a threat or potential threat then
animals initiate stress responses, with activation of the hypothalamo–pituitary–adrenal axis …

In this perspective paper, we emphasize the importance that integrative mechanisms, and
especially the GC (glucocorticoid) stress response, can play in the ability of vertebrates to …

Fluctuations in abiotic and biotic conditions exist in almost all habitats (Dunlap, Loros, &
DeCoursey, 2004; Stevenson et al., 2015). Some fluctuations like the alternation between …

Responding appropriately to changing conditions is crucial in dynamic environments.
Individual variation in the flexibility of physiological mediators of phenotype may influence …

Behavior of wild vertebrate individuals can vary in response to environmental or social
factors. Such within-individual behavioral variation is often mediated by hormonal …

Biomedical researchers have long appreciated that maternal stressors can induce
preparative and adaptive programming in offspring via exposure to maternal Glucocorticoids …

The adrenocortical stress-response is extraordinarily conserved across mammals, birds,
fish, reptiles, and amphibians, suggesting that it has been present during the hundreds of …

Although glucocorticoid hormones are considered important physiological regulators for
surviving adverse environmental stimuli (stressors), evidence for such a role is sparse and …

Glucocorticoid (GC) hormones are important phenotypic mediators across vertebrates, but
their circulating concentrations can vary markedly. Here we investigate macroevolutionary …

Glucocorticoid hormones are important regulators of metabolic processes, and of the
behavioral and physiological responses to stressors. Within-population variation in …