The neurotransmitter dopamine is a key factor in central nervous system (CNS) function,
regulating many processes including reward, movement, and cognition. Dopamine also …

Addiction is commonly identified with habitual nonmedical self-administration of drugs. It is
usually defined by characteristics of intoxication or by characteristics of withdrawal …

A proposal for a fully post-phrenological neuroscience that details the evolutionary roots of
functional diversity in brain regions and networks. The computer analogy of the mind has …

The physiological stress response is responsible for the maintenance of homeostasis in the
presence of real or perceived challenges. In this function, the brain activates adaptive …

Increased tonic activity of locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC-NE) neurons induces anxiety-
like and aversive behavior. While some information is known about the afferent circuitry that …

Dopamine is well recognized as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and regulates critical
functions in a variety of peripheral systems. Growing research has also shown that …

Humans and many other animals have an enormous capacity to learn about sensory stimuli
and to master new skills. However, many of the mechanisms that enable us to learn remain …

Over the past two decades, research has identified extrasynaptic GABA A receptor
populations that enable neurons to sense the low ambient GABA concentrations present in …

Transmitter signalling is the universal chemical language of any nervous system, but little is
known about its early evolution. Here, we summarize data about the distribution and …

Cell-based therapy, eg, multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) treatment, shows
promise for the treatment of various diseases. The strong paracrine capacity of these cells …