BACKGROUND Family-planning policies have focused on contraceptive approaches to
avoid unintended pregnancies, postpone, or terminate pregnancies and mitigate population …

In most species, variation in age among individuals is the strongest and most visible form of
phenotypic variation. Individual-level age effects on disease traits, caused by differences in …

Anomalies in education affect the personal careers of students and universities' retention
rates. Understanding the laws behind educational anomalies promotes the development of …

Ionizing radiation can reduce survival, reproduction and affect development, and lead to the
extinction of populations if their evolutionary response is insufficient. However, demographic …

Ecological risk assessment of chemicals aims at quantifying the likelihood of adverse effects
posed to non-target populations and the communities they constitute, often based on lethal …

The giant armadillo (Priodontes maximus) is the largest living armadillo and is classified as
Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Little is known about the …

Population density is an indicator in many studies, but often with only a cursory explanation
of why. Unfortunately, elected officials and the media draw misleading conclusions about …

Determining sex ratios of endangered populations is important for wildlife management,
particularly species subject to sex-specific threats or that exhibit temperature-dependent sex …

Cave-obligate aquatic organisms are difficult to monitor for conservation due to cryptic
diversity, unknown subterranean hydrological connectivity, and accessibility to habitats …

Hawksbill sea turtles Eretmochelys imbricata inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands are extremely
rare and listed as endangered under the US Endangered Species Act. The paucity of data …