Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

The spread of bacterial drug resistance has posed a severe threat to public health globally.
Here, we cover bacterial resistance to current antibacterial drugs, including traditional herbal …

Bile salts and bacteria have intricate relationships. The composition of the intestinal pool of
bile salts is shaped by bacterial metabolism. In turn, bile salts play a role in intestinal …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

Gram-negative bacteria are intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics. Species that have
acquired multidrug resistance and cause infections that are effectively untreatable present a …

Gram-negative bacteria characteristically are surrounded by an additional membrane layer,
the outer membrane. Although outer membrane components often play important roles in …

Large amounts of antibiotics used for human therapy, as well as for farm animals and even
for fish in aquaculture, resulted in the selection of pathogenic bacteria resistant to multiple …

Bacterial efflux pumps confer multidrug resistance by transporting diverse antibiotics from
the cell. In Gram-negative bacteria, some of these pumps form multi-protein assemblies that …

Drug efflux pumps play a key role in drug resistance and also serve other functions in
bacteria. There has been a growing list of multidrug and drug-specific efflux pumps …

What makes a heavy metal resistant bacterium heavy metal resistant? The mechanisms of
action, physiological functions, and distribution of metal-exporting proteins are outlined …