Many see the periaqueductal gray (PAG) as a region responsible for the downstream control
of defensive reactions. Here we provide a detailed review of anatomical and functional data …

This review considers the integration of vestibular and other signals by the central nervous
system pathways that participate in balance control and blood pressure regulation, with an …

The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) constitutes a major descending pain
modulatory system and is a crucial site for opioid-induced analgesia. A number of previous …

Heart rate and blood pressure oscillate in phase with respiratory activity. A component of
these oscillations is generated centrally, with respiratory neurons entraining the activity of …

The prevalence of metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus, continues to
increase worldwide. Although newer and more advanced therapies are available, current …

Regulated neural-metabolic-inflammatory responses are essential for maintaining
physiological homeostasis. However, the molecular machinery that coordinates neural …

Sexual behavior of the male rat can be described as a 'sequence': a series of behavioral
transitions eventually leading to a consummatory act: ejaculation. A 'funnel-model'is …

OBJECTIVE Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) is the leading cause of death
for patients with refractory epilepsy, and there is increasing evidence for a centrally …

With the advancement of in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique, more
detailed information about the human brain at high altitude (HA) has been revealed. The …

Mental disorders such as anxiety and depression induced by chronic pain are common in
clinical practice, and there are significant sex differences in their epidemiology. However …