This literature review provides an overview of use of environmental samples (ES) such as
faeces, water, air, mud and swabs of surfaces in avian influenza (AI) surveillance programs …

The H7 subtype HA gene has been found in combination with all nine NA subtype genes.
Most exhibit low pathogenicity and only rarely high pathogenicity in poultry (and humans) …

Summary Background Avian influenza A H6N1 virus is one of the most common viruses
isolated from wild and domestic avian species, but human infection with this virus has not …

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infects a wide range of bird species worldwide and is of
importance to the poultry industry. Although certain virus genotypes are clearly associated …

The receptor‐binding specificity of influenza A viruses is a major determinant for the host
tropism of the virus, which enables interspecies transmission. In 2013, the first human case …

Although peridomestic passerine species have been involved in influenza A virus (IAV)
outbreaks in poultry, there is little evidence to indicate they serve as reservoirs for these …

This report summarises the potential for an EU‐wide active surveillance of highly pathogenic
avian influenza (HPAI) virus in wild birds. As basis for the analyses, we collected and …

Infections of poultry species with virulent strains of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) cause
Newcastle disease (ND), one of the most economically significant and devastating diseases …

Despite the existence of 10 avian paramyxovirus (APMV) serotypes, very little is known
about the distribution, host species, and ecological factors affecting virus transmission. To …

Wild bird surveillance for avian influenza virus (AIV) was conducted from 2001 to 2012 in the
Azov-Black Sea region of the Ukraine, considered part of the transcontinental wild bird …