Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 belong to the T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine family, along with IL-3, IL-
5, and IL-9. These cytokines are key mediators of allergic inflammation. They have important …

Cytokines are secreted or membrane-presented molecules that mediate broad cellular
functions, including development, differentiation, growth and survival. Accordingly, the …

Cytokines are secreted signalling proteins that play essential roles in the initiation,
maintenance and resolution of immune responses. Although the unique ability of cytokines …

Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 are related cytokines that regulate many aspects of allergic
inflammation. They play important roles in regulating the responses of lymphocytes, myeloid …

Cytokines have pivotal roles in immunity, making them attractive as therapeutics for a variety
of immune-related disorders. However, the widespread clinical use of cytokines has been …

Cytokines exert powerful immunomodulatory effects that are critical to physiology and
pathology in humans. The application of natural cytokines in clinical studies has not been …

The Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (JAK-STAT) pathway
serves as a paradigm for signal transduction from the extracellular environment to the …

Abstract Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 were discovered approximately 30 years ago and were
immediately linked to allergy and atopic diseases. Since then, new roles for IL-4 and IL-13 …

The structurally and functionally related interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and IL‐13 cytokines play pivotal
roles in shaping immune activity. The IL‐4/IL‐13 axis is best known for its critical role in T …

Cytokines exert a vast array of immunoregulatory actions critical to human biology and
disease. However, the desired immunotherapeutic effects of native cytokines are often …