Sarcoidosis is a heterogeneous disease in terms of presentation, duration, and severity. Due
to this heterogeneity, it is difficult to align treatment decisions. Biomarkers have proved to be …

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease with nonspecific clinical manifestations
that commonly affects the pulmonary system and other organs including the eyes, skin, liver …

Introduction: Sarcoidosis is a complex systemic disease with a silent, long-term evolution,
and a heterogeneous clinical presentation. The diagnostic approach is complex with no …

Discussion Noncaseating granulomas, often called sarcoidal granulomas or a sarcoid-like
immune reaction, are histologically indistinguishable. 2 Although the etiology of sarcoidosis …

These findings have implications for clinical practice and research. The limitations of
established biomarkers underscore the need for improved diagnostic tools in sarcoidosis …

The purpose of our work is to describe the actual knowledge concerning etiopathogenesis,
clinical manifestations, diagnostic procedures, complications and therapy of ocular …

Cardiac Sarcoidosis (CS) is a deadly consequence of systemic sarcoidosis that inflames all
three layers of the heart, especially the myocardium—clinical signs of CS range from …

Sarcoidosis is a complex granulomatous disease of unknown etiology. Due to the
heterogeneity of the disease, the diagnosis remains challenging in many cases, often at the …

Antigen processing and presentation through the MHC class II pathway is critical for
activating T helper cells. Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) is a carboxyl peptidase …

Serum chitotriosidase (CTO) activity was proposed as a biomarker in sarcoidosis being
potentially useful in diagnostics. Nevertheless, a common duplication polymorphism (c …