BACKGROUND Conformational changes are essential for the correct functioning of
biological macromolecules. Time-resolved x-ray crystallography extends an extremely …

The advent of the X-ray free electron laser (XFEL) in the last decade created the discipline of
serial crystallography but also the challenge of how crystal samples are delivered to X-ray …

A variety of organisms have evolved mechanisms to detect and respond to light, in which the
response is mediated by protein structural changes after photon absorption. The initial step …

The photoisomerization reaction of a fluorescent protein chromophore occurs on the ultrafast
timescale. The structural dynamics that result from femtosecond optical excitation have …

Chromophores absorb light in photosensitive proteins and thereby initiate fundamental
biological processes such as photosynthesis, vision and biofluorescence. An important goal …

Abstract The European XFEL (EuXFEL) is a 3.4-km long X-ray source, which produces
femtosecond, ultrabrilliant and spatially coherent X-ray pulses at megahertz (MHz) repetition …

High-intensity femtosecond pulses from an X-ray free-electron laser enable pump–probe
experiments for the investigation of electronic and nuclear changes during light-induced …

Time-resolved crystallography with X-ray free-electron lasers enables structural
characterization of light-induced reactions on ultrafast timescales. To be biologically and …

Phytochromes are red/far-red light photoreceptors in bacteria to plants, which elicit a variety
of important physiological responses. They display a reversible photocycle between the …

Macromolecular crystallography was immensely successful in the last two decades. To a
large degree this success resulted from use of powerful third generation synchrotron x-ray …