Lepton scattering is an established ideal tool for studying inner structure of small particles
such as nucleons as well as nuclei. As a future high energy nuclear physics project, an …

1 Executive summary The purpose of this document is to outline the developing scientific
case for pursuing an energy upgrade to 22 GeV of the Continuous Electron Beam …

We present the new parton distribution functions (PDFs) from the CTEQ-TEA collaboration,
obtained using a wide variety of high-precision Large Hadron Collider (LHC) data, in …

The fundamental building blocks of the proton—quarks and gluons—have been known for
decades. However, we still have an incomplete theoretical and experimental understanding …

Abstract The Spin Physics Detector (SPD) is a future multipurpose experiment foreseen to
run at the NICA collider, which is currently under construction at the Joint Institute for Nuclear …

Visible matter is characterised by a single mass scale; namely, the proton mass. The
proton's existence and structure are supposed to be described by quantum chromodynamics …

We review the current status of parton distribution function (PDF) determinations for
unpolarized and longitudinally polarized protons and for unpolarized nuclei, which are …

Measurements of the ratio of Drell-Yan yields from an 800 GeV/c proton beam incident on
liquid hydrogen and deuterium targets are reported. Approximately 360 000 Drell-Yan muon …

It is becoming increasingly clear that the concept of a diquark (a two-quark system) is
important for understanding hadron structure and high-energy particle reactions. According …

The perturbative properties of parton distributions generated radiatively from a valence-like
input at some low resolution scale are discussed with the aim of explaining the physical …