Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

Carbapenem resistance is a major and an on-going public health problem globally. It occurs
mainly among Gram-negative pathogens such as Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

Bacteria have evolved a remarkable array of sophisticated nanomachines to export various
virulence factors across the bacterial cell envelope. In recent years, considerable progress …

Gram-negative bacteria are intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics. Species that have
acquired multidrug resistance and cause infections that are effectively untreatable present a …

The spread of resistant bacteria, leading to untreatable infections, is a major public health
threat but the pace of antibiotic discovery to combat these pathogens has slowed down …

Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps have come to prominence in human and veterinary
pathogenesis because they help bacteria protect themselves against the antimicrobials …

Antibiotic resistance mechanisms reported in Gram-negative bacteria are causing a
worldwide health problem. The continuous dissemination of 'multidrug-resistant'(MDR) …

Gram-negative bacteria characteristically are surrounded by an additional membrane layer,
the outer membrane. Although outer membrane components often play important roles in …

Large amounts of antibiotics used for human therapy, as well as for farm animals and even
for fish in aquaculture, resulted in the selection of pathogenic bacteria resistant to multiple …