The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) represents the zonally integrated
stream function of meridional volume transport in the Atlantic Basin. The AMOC plays an …

Mesoscale ocean eddies, an important element of the climate system, impact ocean
circulation, heat uptake, gas exchange, carbon sequestration and nutrient transport. Much of …

Abstract The Alfred Wegener Institute Climate Model (AWI‐CM) participates for the first time
in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP), CMIP6. The sea ice‐ocean …

This work documents the ICON‐Earth System Model (ICON‐ESM V1. 0), the first coupled
model based on the ICON (ICOsahedral Non‐hydrostatic) framework with its unstructured …

Arctic sea ice extent continues to decline at an unprecedented rate that is commonly
underestimated by climate projection models. This disagreement may imply biases in the …

Abstract The Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) is a new coupled Earth system
model sponsored by the US Department of Energy. Here we present E3SM global …

The ocean mixed layer is the interface between the ocean interior and the atmosphere or
sea ice and plays a key role in climate variability. It is thus critical that numerical models …

Global climate models (GCMs) are known to suffer from biases in the simulation of
atmospheric blocking, and this study provides an assessment of how blocking is …

Starting to resolve the oceanic mesoscale in climate models is a step change in model
fidelity. This study examines how certain obstinate biases in the midlatitude North Atlantic …

Recently, much attention has been devoted to better understand the internal modes of
variability of the climate system. This is particularly important in mid-latitude regions like the …