Gut microbiota is a complex ecosystem seen as an extension of human genome. It
represents a major metabolic interface of interaction with food components and xenobiotics …

The gut microbiota (GM) plays a vital role in human health, with increasing evidence linking
its imbalance to chronic kidney disease and end-stage kidney disease. Although the exact …

Carbonyl stress is a condition characterized by an increase in the steady-state levels of
reactive carbonyl species (RCS) that leads to accumulation of their irreversible covalent …

Phosphate is a key uremic toxin associated with adverse outcomes. As chronic kidney
disease (CKD) progresses, the kidney capacity to excrete excess dietary phosphate …

There is increasing interest in the therapeutic potential of manipulating the gut microbiome
of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This is because there is a substantial …

Protein-energy wasting (PEW) is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and
is associated with increased morbidity and mortality, and lower quality of life. It is a complex …

High circulating trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) is associated with an increased risk of
cardiovascular disease and mortality in people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). In …

Phosphate is an anion of both environmental and medical significance. The increase in
phosphate levels in surface waters due primarily to run-offs from fertilized agricultural fields …

Introduction Despite widespread use of phosphate binders (PBs), phosphate control is
insufficient in many hemodialysis patients. Preliminary clinical observations suggest that …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 9.1% of the population worldwide. CKD may lead to
structural and functional gastrointestinal alterations, including impairment in the intestinal …