Tripartite efflux pumps and the related type 1 secretion systems (T1SSs) in Gram-negative
organisms are diverse in function, energization, and structural organization. They form …

Multidrug resistance (MDR) refers to the capability of bacterial pathogens to withstand lethal
doses of structurally diverse drugs which are capable of eradicating non-resistant strains …

Gram-negative bacteria characteristically are surrounded by an additional membrane layer,
the outer membrane. Although outer membrane components often play important roles in …

Large amounts of antibiotics used for human therapy, as well as for farm animals and even
for fish in aquaculture, resulted in the selection of pathogenic bacteria resistant to multiple …

Infectious diseases remain one of the principal causes of morbidity and mortality in the
world. Relevant authorities including the WHO and CDC have expressed serious concern …

What makes a heavy metal resistant bacterium heavy metal resistant? The mechanisms of
action, physiological functions, and distribution of metal-exporting proteins are outlined …

SUMMARY ATP-binding cassette (ABC) systems are universally distributed among living
organisms and function in many different aspects of bacterial physiology. ABC transporters …

Drug resistance in bacteria, and especially resistance to multiple antibacterials, has
attracted much attention in recent years. In addition to the well known mechanisms, such as …

▪ Abstract Organic solvents can be toxic to microorganisms, depending on the inherent
toxicity of the solvent and the intrinsic tolerance of the bacterial species and strains. The …

The world of antibiotic drug discovery and development is driven by the necessity to
overcome antibiotic resistance in common Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens …