Bacteria have developed remarkable systems that sense neighboring target cells upon
contact and initiate a series of events that enhance their survival and growth at the expense …

The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a complex macromolecular machinery employed by a
number of Gram‐negative species to initiate infection. Toxins secreted through the system …

Bacteria coordinate expression of virulence determinants in response to localized
microenvironments in their hosts. Here we show that Shigella flexneri, which causes …

The type VI secretion system (T6SS) has emerged as a critical virulence factor for the group
of closely related Burkholderia spp. that includes Burkholderia pseudomallei, B. mallei, and …

The major flagellin of Campylobacter jejuni strain 81-176, FlaA, has been shown to be
glycosylated at 19 serine or threonine sites, and this glycosylation is required for flagellar …

Following contact with the epithelium, the enteric intracellular bacterial pathogen Shigella
flexneri invades epithelial cells and escapes intracellular phagosomal destruction using its …

Bacteria have acquired multiple systems to expose proteins on their surface, release them in
the extracellular environment or even inject them into a neighboring cell. Protein secretion …

A recurrent emerging theme is the targeting of proteins to subcellular microdomains within
bacterial cells, particularly to the poles. In most cases, it has been assumed that this …

The Esx-1 (type VII) secretion system is critical for virulence of both Mycobacterium
tuberculosis and Mycobacterium marinum, and is highly conserved between the two …

Shigella, the Gram-negative enteroinvasive bacterium that causes shigellosis, relies on its
type III secretion system (TTSS) and injected effectors to modulate host cell functions …