NF-κB pathway consists of canonical and non-canonical pathways. The canonical NF-κB is
activated by various stimuli, transducing a quick but transient transcriptional activity, to …

The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins NOD1 and NOD2, the
founding members of the intracellular NOD-like receptor family, sense conserved motifs in …

RIPK3 and its substrate MLKL are essential for necroptosis, a lytic cell death proposed to
cause inflammation via the release of intracellular molecules. Whether and how RIPK3 …

Ubiquitination has emerged as a crucial mechanism that regulates signal transduction in
diverse biological processes, including different aspects of immune functions. Ubiquitination …

Inflammation is triggered when innate immune cells detect infection or tissue injury.
Surveillance mechanisms involve pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on the cell surface …

The innate immune system includes several classes of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs),
including membrane-bound Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding …

Endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) are abundant in mammalian genomes and contain
sequences modulating transcription. The impact of ERV propagation on the evolution of …

Entry of bacteria into host cells is an important virulence mechanism. Through peptidoglycan
recognition, the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD) proteins NOD1 and …

Ubiquitination is one of the most important post‐translational modifications which plays a
significant role in conserving the homeostasis of cellular proteins. In the ubiquitination …

Inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) are a family of proteins that play a significant role in the control
of programmed cell death (PCD). PCD is essential to maintain healthy cell turnover within …