Objective: Nationally representative data on changes in 12-month prevalences of nicotine
use, DSM-IV nicotine dependence, and DSM-IV nicotine dependence among users were …

We undertook a systematic review to identify and summarise studies on hardcore smoking
and hardening to: determine the degree of variability in definitions of hardcore smoking and …

Objective We investigated smoking cessation rates in coronary heart disease (CHD) patients
throughout Europe; current and as compared to earlier EUROASPIRE surveys, and we …

Background Tobacco control policies can reduce smoking prevalence. These measures
may be less effective where smoking prevalence has significantly declined, as the remaining …

Introduction As smoking prevalence has decreased, there has been debate about
“hardening”(smokers are more resistant to established tobacco control measures) or …

Background The hardening hypothesis predicts that as smoking prevalence declines,
remaining smokers will be more heavily addicted to nicotine and/or less interested in …

Objective: Cigarette smoking has declined in the United States. Still, identifying prevalent
and modifiable barriers to quitting can help inform the next steps for tobacco control. Illicit …

Objectives Hardcore smokers have smoked for many years and do not intend to quit. They
also seem unreceptive to information about smoking cessation. We developed a 30‐min …

Introduction Smoking and insufficient physical activity (PA), independently but especially in
conjunction, often lead to disease and (premature) death. For this reason, there is need for …

The hardening hypothesis proposes that as smoking prevalence declines, the proportion of
'hard-core'or 'hardened'smokers increases. The intuitively plausible logic is that less …