Outer protective barriers of animals use a variety of bio‐polymers, based on either proteins
(eg collagens), or modified sugars (eg chitin). Plants, however, have come up with a …

Deserts are hostile environments to plant life due to exposure to abiotic stresses, including
high temperature, heat, high light, low water availability, and poor soil quality. Desert plants …

Multicellular organisms control environmental interactions through specialized barriers in
specific cell types. A conserved barrier in plant roots is the endodermal Casparian strip (CS) …

Analysis of salinity tolerance processes in wheat has focused on salt exclusion from shoots
while root phenotypes have received limited attention. Here, we consider the varying …

Lipid polymers such as cutin and suberin strengthen the diffusion barrier properties of the
cell wall in specific cell types and are essential for water relations, mineral nutrition, and …

The root system of plants is a vital part for successful development and adaptation to
different soil types and environments. A major determinant of the shape of a plant root …

The Casparian strip is a barrier in the endodermal cell walls of plants that allows the
selective uptake of nutrients and water. In the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, its …

In arid and semi-arid climates, native plants have developed unique strategies to survive
challenging conditions. These adaptations often rely on molecular pathways that shape …

The roles of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in plant–fungal pathogenic
interactions are poorly understood in crops. Here, microscopic, phenotypic, proteomic, and …

The leaf epidermis is the outermost cell layer forming the interface between plants and the
atmosphere that must both provide a robust barrier against (a) biotic stressors and facilitate …