Osteopontin (OPN) also known by its official gene designation secreted phosphoprotein‐1
(SPP1) is a fascinating, multifunctional protein expressed in a number of cell types that …

HIV infected people are living longer due to the success of combined antiretroviral therapy
(cART). However, greater than 40-70% of HIV infected individuals develop HIV associated …

Background Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection develops as an acute or chronic liver disease,
which progresses from steatosis, hepatitis, and fibrosis to end-stage liver diseases such as …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) affects
roughly half the HIV-positive population. The symptoms of cognitive slowing, poor …

HIV-1 is responsible for the development of a spectrum of cognitive impairments known as
HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND). In the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART) …

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) continue to affect a large proportion of
persons living with HIV despite effective viral suppression with combined antiretroviral …

Introduction Neuroinflammation plays an important role in the development of major
depressive disorder (MDD). Osteopontin (OPN) is one of the key molecules involved in …

West Nile virus (WNV) can cause severe human neurological diseases including
encephalitis and meningitis. The mechanisms by which WNV enters the central nervous …

Circulating full-length osteopontin (FL-OPN) is elevated in plasma from patients with various
infectious diseases, such as adult T-cell leukemia, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) …

The activities of HIV‐1 in the central nervous system (CNS) are responsible for a
dysregulated neuroinflammatory response and the subsequent development of HIV …