Three decades of research have demonstrated that biodiversity can promote the functioning
of ecosystems. Yet, it is unclear whether the positive effects of biodiversity on ecosystem …

The causes of biodiversity change are of great scientific interest and central to policy efforts
aimed at meeting biodiversity targets. Changes in species diversity and high rates of …

2 Chapter 2 assesses observed large-scale changes in climate system drivers, key climate
indicators and 3 principal modes of variability. Chapter 3 considers model performance and …

Owing to a long history of anthropogenic pressures, freshwater ecosystems are among the
most vulnerable to biodiversity loss. Mitigation measures, including wastewater treatment …

Knowledge on the distribution and abundance of organisms is fundamental to
understanding their roles within ecosystems and their ecological importance for other taxa …

Forest ecosystems are strongly impacted by continuing climate change and increasing
disturbance activity, but how forest dynamics will respond remains highly uncertain. Here …

Freshwater fish represent one-fourth of the world's vertebrates and provide irreplaceable
goods and services but are increasingly affected by human activities. A new index …

The future response of marine ecosystem diversity to continued anthropogenic forcing is
poorly constrained. Phytoplankton are a diverse set of organisms that form the base of the …

Most animal species on Earth are insects, and recent reports suggest that their abundance is
in drastic decline. Although these reports come from a wide range of insect taxa and regions …

Global vegetation over the past 18,000 years has been transformed first by the climate
changes that accompanied the last deglaciation and again by increasing human pressures; …