Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease
characterized by motor dysfunction. Growing evidence has demonstrated that gut dysbiosis …

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative condition associated with the
deposition of aggregated α-synuclein. Insights into the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease …

Background Previous studies have reported that gut microbiota, permeability, short-chain
fatty acids (SCFAs), and inflammation are altered in Parkinson's disease (PD), but how these …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive and debilitating chronic disease that affects more
than six million people worldwide, with rising prevalence. The hallmarks of PD are motor …

The human gut microbiome is a collection of bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and viruses that
coexist in our bodies and are essential in protective, metabolic, and physiologic functions of …

During Parkinson's disease (PD), both the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral
nervous system (PNS) are affected. In parallel, innate immune cells respond early to …

Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), but
controversies persist. Studies reporting concentrations of blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) …

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common
neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), presenting a broad range of symptoms from motor …

Cell senescence has been implicated in the pathology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Both
abnormal α-synuclein aggregation and iron deposition are suggested to be the triggers …

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of
neurodegenerative diseases by influencing the inflammatory response, apoptosis, oxidative …