Specialized subpopulations of CD4+ T cells survey major histocompatibility complex class II–
peptide complexes to control phagosomal infections, help B cells, regulate tissue …

Adjuvants are vaccine components that enhance the magnitude, breadth and durability of
the immune response. Following its introduction in the 1920s, alum remained the only …

The germinal centre (GC) response is critical for the generation of affinity-matured plasma
cells and memory B cells capable of mediating long-term protective immunity …

Coral reefs underpin a range of ecosystem goods and services that contribute to the well‐
being of millions of people. However, tropical coral reefs in the Anthropocene are likely to be …

CD4+ follicular helper T (Tfh) cells play a vital role in providing help for B cells undergoing
selection and differentiation into activated antibody-secreting cells in mammalian germinal …

Influenza is a deadly and costly infectious disease, even during flu seasons when an
effective vaccine has been developed. To improve vaccines against respiratory viruses, a …

The immune system can remember a previously experienced pathogen and can evoke an
enhanced response to reinfection that depends on memory lymphocyte populations. Recent …

Viral pathogens often induce strong effector CD4+ T cell responses that are best known for
their ability to help B cell and CD8+ T cell responses. However, recent studies have …

CD4+ T helper (Th) cells play central roles in immunity in health and disease. While much is
known about the effector function of Th cells in combating pathogens and promoting …

Inflammation plays an essential role in the control of pathogens and in shaping the ensuing
adaptive immune responses. Traditionally, innate immunity has been described as a rapid …