This article addresses the issue of using terms and concepts in motor control that are ill-
defined, undefined, and/or imported from nonbiological fields. In many of such cases, the …

The review addresses the central concept of the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis,
which has become a major framework for analysis of performance-stabilizing motor …

Within his multilevel scheme for the construction of movement, Nikolai Bernstein defined
synergies as neural organizations of elements with two functions:(1) to group elemental …

We studied anticipatory and compensatory postural adjustments (APAs and CPAs)
associated with self-triggered postural perturbations in conditions with changes in the initial …

We tested a hypothesis on force-stabilizing synergies during four-finger accurate force
production at three levels:(1) The level of the reciprocal and coactivation commands …

Accurate control of force on the environment is mechanically necessary for many tasks
involving the lower extremities. We investigated drifts in the horizontal (shear) active force …

Introduction The brainstem vestibular nuclei neurons receive synaptic inputs from inner ear
acceleration-sensing hair cells, cerebellar output neurons, and ascending signals from …

Pupillometry has been used in the studies of postural control to assess cognitive load during
dual tasks, but its response to increased balance task intensity has not been investigated …

The outstanding issue to overcoming atmospheric turbulence on distant imaging is a
fundamental interest and technological challenge. We propose a novel scenario and …

Muscle synergies are defined as coordinated recruitment of groups of muscles with specific
activation balances and time profiles aimed at generating task-specific motor commands …