One of the classic ecological questions is how predators affect population size. This is often
assessed by measuring how many individuals are killed by a predator, yet such direct effects …

Predators can affect individual fitness and population and community processes through
lethal effects (direct consumption or 'density'effects), where prey is consumed, or through …

Movement in animal groups is highly varied and ranges from seemingly disordered motion
in swarms to coordinated aligned motion in flocks and schools. These social interactions are …

In predator–prey theory, habitat heterogeneity can affect the relationship between kill rates
and prey or predator density through its effect on the predator's ability to search for …

We examine the potential selective importance of predation danger on the evolution of
migration strategies of arctic‐breeding calidrid sandpipers. Adult calidrids truncate parental …

The presence of top predators can affect prey behaviour, morphology and life history, and
thereby can produce indirect population consequences greater and further reaching than …

Theory suggests that individual personality is tightly linked to individual life histories and to
environmental variation. The reactive–proactive axis, for example, is thought to reflect …

Intertidal areas support during the non-breeding season many wading birds Charadrii that
may often take flight in response to the presence of people or of birds of prey on their …

The ability to intercept uncooperative targets is key to many diverse flight behaviors, from
courtship to predation. Previous research has looked for simple geometric rules describing …

The formation of waves is a vivid example of collective behaviour occurring in insects, birds,
fish and mammals, which has been interpreted as an antipredator response. In birds a …